ELECTRONIC DOG REPELLENT PROJECT

The electronic dog repellent circuit diagram below is a high output ultrasonic transmitter which is primarily intended to act as a dog and cat repeller, which can be used individuals to act as a deterrent against some animals. It should NOT be relied upon as a defence against aggressive dogs but it may help distract them or encourage them to go away and do not consider this as an electronic pest repeller.

The ultrasonic dog repellant uses a standard 555 timer IC1 set up as an oscillator using a single RC network to give a 40 kHz square wave with equal mark/space ratio. This frequency is above the hearing threshold for humans but is known to be irritating frequency for dog and cats.

Since the maximum current that a 555 timer can supply is 200mA an amplifier stage was required so a high-power H-bridge network was devised, formed by 4 transistors TR1 to TR4. A second timer IC2 forms a buffer amplifier that feeds one input of the H-bridge driver, with an inverted waveform to that of IC1 output being fed to the opposite input of the H-bridge.

For more electronic dog repeller circuits check the related links bellow.

Cat and dog repellent circuit diagram

This means that conduction occurs through the complementary pairs of TR1/TR4 and TR2/TR3 on alternate marks and spaces, effectively doubling the voltage across the ultrasonic transducer, LS1. This is optimised to generate a high output at ultrasonic frequencies.

This configuration was tested by decreasing the frequency of the oscillator to an audible level and replacing the ultrasonic transducer with a loudspeaker; the results were astounding. If the dog repellent circuit was fed by a bench power supply rather than a battery that restrict the available current, the output reached 110dB with 4A running through the speaker which is plenty loud enough!

The Dog and Cat repellant was activated using a normal open switch S1 to control the current consumption, but many forms of automatic switching could be used such as pressure sensitive mats, light beams or PIR sensors. Thus it could be utilise as part of a dog or cat deterrent system to help prevent unwanted damage to gardens or flowerbeds, or a battery powered version can be carried for portable use. Consider also using a lead-acid battery if desired, and a single chip version could be built using the 556 dual timer IC to save space and improve battery life.

CELL PHONE DETECTOR AKA MOBILE BUG

This handy mobile bug or cell phone detector, pocket-size mobile transmission detector or sniffer can sense the presence of an activated mobile cellphone from a distance of one and-a-half metres. So it can be used to prevent use of mobile phones in examination halls, confidential rooms, etc. It is also useful for detecting the use of mobile phone for spying and unauthorised video transmission.

The circuit can detect both the incoming and outgoing calls, SMS and video transmission even if the mobile phone is kept in the silent mode. The moment the bug detects RF transmission signal from an activated mobile phone, it starts sounding a beep alarm and the LED blinks. The alarm continues until the signal transmission ceases.

Cell Phone Detector circuit diagram

An ordinary RF detector using tuned LC circuits is not suitable for detecting signals in the GHz frequency band used in mobile phones. The transmission frequency of mobile phones ranges from 0.9 to 3 GHz with a wavelength of 3.3 to 10 cm. So a circuit detecting gigahertz signals is required for a mobile bug.

Here the circuit uses a 0.22μF disk capacitor (C3) to capture the RF signals from the mobile phone. The lead length of the capacitor is fixed as 18 mm with a spacing of 8 mm between the leads to get the desired frequency. The disk capacitor along with the leads acts as a small gigahertz loop antenna to collect the RF signals from the mobile phone.

Op-amp IC CA3130 (IC1) is used in the circuit as a current-to-voltage converter with capacitor C3 connected between its inverting and non-inverting inputs. It is a CMOS version using gate-protected p-channel MOSFET transistors in the input to provide very high input impedance, very low input current and very high speed of performance. The output CMOS transistor is capable of swinging the output voltage to within 10 mV of either supply voltage terminal.

Capacitor C3 in conjunction with the lead inductance acts as a transmission line that intercepts the signals from the mobile phone. This capacitor creates a field, stores energy and transfers the stored energy in the form of minute current to the inputs of IC1. This will upset the balanced input of IC1 and convert the current into the corresponding output voltage.

Capacitor C4 along with high-value resistor R1 keeps the non-inverting input stable for easy swing of the output to high state. Resistor R2 provides the discharge path for capacitor C4. Feedback resistor R3 makes the inverting input high when the output becomes high. Capacitor C5 (47pF) is connected across ‘strobe’ (pin 8) and ‘null’ inputs (pin 1) of IC1 for phase compensation and gain control to optimise the frequency response.

When the cell phone detector signal is detected by C3, the output of IC1 becomes high and low alternately according to the frequency of the signal as indicated by LED1. This triggers monostable timer IC2 through capacitor C7. Capacitor C6 maintains the base bias of transistor T1 for fast switching action. The low-value timing components R6 and C9 produce very short time delay to avoid audio nuisance.

Assemble the cell phone detector circuit on a general purpose PCB as compact as possible and enclose in a small box like junk mobile case. As mentioned earlier, capacitor C3 should have a lead length of 18 mm with lead spacing of 8 mm. Carefully solder the capacitor in standing position with equal spacing of the leads. The response can be optimised by trimming the lead length of C3 for the desired frequency. You may use a short telescopic type antenna.

Use the miniature 12V battery of a remote control and a small buzzer to make the gadget pocket-size. The unit will give the warning indication if someone uses mobile phone within a radius of 1.5 meters.

A hybrid method for achieving high accuracy and efficiency in object tracking using passive RFID

Passive RFID tags have been widely utilized for object tracking in indoor environment due to their low cost and convenience for deployment. The RFID readings gathered from real world are often noisy. Existing approaches for tracking objects with noisy RFID readings are mostly based on using Particle Filter (PF). However, continuous execution of particle filter will suffer from high computational cost on resource constrained RFID-enabled devices. In this paper, we propose a hybrid method for tracking mobile objects with high accuracy and low computational cost. This is achieved by an adaptively switching between using WCL (Weighted Centroid Localization) and PF according to the estimated velocity of the moving object. We have evaluated the performance of our hybrid method through extensive simulations. We have also validated the performance results by implementing the method in two applications, namely, indoor wheelchair navigation and in-station LRV (Light Rail Vehicle) tracking in one of the Hong Kong MTR depots. The result shows that our proposed method outperforms both WCL and PF in either accuracy or computational cost.

Self-recognition of Vehicle Position using UHF Passive RFID Tags

This paper proposes a method that enables self-recognition of a mobile vehicle's current position by utilizing ultrahigh frequency (UHF) passive radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags. The proposed method can be used in real industry environments such as complex storage warehouses where many different goods are dispersed throughout a wide area. In particular, the proposed method makes use of two UHF RFID readers with identical emission configuration attached to a vehicle to identify a reference RFID tag. By utilizing the received signal strength indicator obtained by the readers from the reference RFID tag, the precise position of the moving vehicle can be obtained. The experiments prove the effectiveness of the proposed method in accurately estimating the vehicle position.

Parking spaces detection in indoor environments Based on Zigbee

This paper describes the study about parking spaces detection in indoor environments, implementing a WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) based on Zigbee technology. Our study focuses on the analysis of the received power when a vehicle is parked or not, by monitoring the RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) field defined in the MAC layer as the IEEE 802.15.4 describes. We focus in the analysis of three factors: data processing time, the influence of distance in received power and the attenuation effect in the signal when propagates, which determine the network topology to deploy and the validity of our location model.

Performance analysis of speed detection in Bus Detection Devices

This paper introduces the performance analysis of speed detection in Bus Detection Devices (BDD) for blind people. BDD is a device that could assist the blind to detect bus route information independently at the particular bus stop. The device was not replacing the existing blind travel aid but to support them. For that basis, BDD was designed and developed using RFID technology. RFID are new merging technology that offers low cost, wide applicability and friendlier services. The speed of the moving bus may give effect to the device developed. Therefore, the aim of this research is to verify the appropriate speed of bus for optimum detection at the bus stop. The measurement of speed detection and validation method was covered in this paper. The discussion on analysis made also describe in this paper. The significant result may improve the quality of research developed.

Design of Automatic Meter Reading based on Zigbee

This paper describes the study about Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) in indoor environments, implementing a WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) based on Zigbee technology. Automatic Meter Reading is used for remote collection of the utilities data. And these utilities may means electricity, gas, water consumption data or any other. Our concentration will be on Electricity power monitoring system which can monitor power quality, can remotely control power service which will enable prepaid billing.

A hybrid RFID-LPR system for vehicle access control during Pilgrimage season in Saudi Arabia

RFID (radio frequency identification) and license plate recognition (LPR) technologies have proven to be very effective in providing innovative solutions to numerous real world applications. In this paper, we propose an RFID-based system supported by license plate recognition (LPR) technology for monitoring and controlling entry of vehicles to the Holy region of Makkah (Saudi Arabia) during Hajj (Pilgrimage) season. Authorized vehicles are provided with passive RFID tags that are programmed to specify their schedule of entry. This is useful in allowing entry of service vehicles during low traffic periods of pilgrims' vehicles. The proposed LPR system is based on a two-stage license plate-character recognition algorithm. The license plate region is detected using morphological filtering while the character recognition stage uses a neural network approach. The extensive tests we conducted showed that the system is robust to different traffic conditions and is able to limit unauthorized vehicles from entry during Hajj period. A vehicle recognition accuracy of around 95% was achieved under normal conditions.

RFID based indoor location determination for elderly tracking

There are many video camera based systems proposed for tracking elderly or impaired people. When privacy become a concern, researchers start to search for alternative ways. Many of them, studied on RFID systems to be able to make estimations related to the tracked person. Existing RFID location determination systems cannot provide acceptable results because of the multipath fading and shadowing effects. These systems, which are based on tracking the tag worn by the person, does not operate consistently enough in indoor environments like houses. Human body, which is majorly formed by water, causes tags to be shadowed and hence make the systems not able to receive signal from these tags as the person passes nearby. The method we propose makes location determination using shadowing effect which appears to be a problem for other systems.

A human detection method f or residential smart energy systems based on Zigbee RSSI changes

The paper presents a novel method for human detection that is applied to the automatic control of home appliances' power consumption. The method uses a wireless smart outlets network and changes of received signal strength indicator (RSSI) between stationary communication nodes (2.4 GHz smart outlets). The main idea is to monitor the changes of RSSI which violate the established radio communication field between nodes inside a room, due to a human's presence. When a person enters into the established radio communication field, he/she induces the change of RSSI which is periodically read during the message exchange between wireless nodes. Based on the detected changes with regard to the initial thresholds, the system detects human presence and responds with the automatic control of power consumption of all appliances connected to the power network. Such an approach increases users' awareness by contributing to the energy savings and low installation costs.

Realization of intelligence monitoring system based on remote sensor technology

With the continuous improvement of living standards, people's demands on security also grow with each passing day. In order to achieve safety monitoring on important places or valuables, a new intelligence monitoring system was designed and implemented. It took the wireless sensor technology and the embedded control technology as the foundation. At the same time, it realized the wireless remote communication with GSM mobile communication technology. The structure, function and working principle of the wireless remote monitoring system were introduced. The hardware and software of the system were all designed and realized. It achieved wireless remote monitoring on important places and valuables finally. Experimental results show that the wireless remote monitoring system works well and has the stable data collection and transmission quality. It has a high value for practical application.

Modeling and analysis of a solar powered wireless movements during sleep

With the development of tourism, intelligent electronic tourism guides are welcomed widely. In this paper, a self-service tourism guide system based on RFID was designed. The system consists of RFID tags and handheld terminals. Handheld terminal includes ZLG500BTG+ module, VS1003 audio decoder module, SD card data storage module. It implants FAT32 file system, and can use data redirection function to deal with data, which makes the microcontroller complete the main control function of the whole system with less hardware resources. The system is suitable for the museums, exhibitions, and other intensive places.

Overview for solid waste bin monitoring and collection system

Solid waste management is a big challenge in urban areas for most of the countries throughout the world. An efficient waste management is a pre requisition for maintain a safe and green environment as there are increasing all kinds of waste disposal. There are many technologies are used for waste collection as well as for well managed recycling. In this paper we have introduced an integrated system combined with an integrated system of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Global Position System (GPS), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Geographic Information System (GIS) and web camera. The built-in RFID reader in collection trucks would automatically retrieve all sorts of customer information and bin information from RFID tag, mounted with each bin. GPS would give the location information of the collection truck. All The information of the center server would updated automatically through GPRS communication system. The performance of the implemented system have been analyzed and focused that the proposed system is much better than existing system in terms of high speed data transmission, precision, real time and reliability.

Remote management and control system for LED based plant factory using ZigBee and Internet

Recently, intelligent systems for agricultural production are being developed for safe and low cost food production. Plant factory provide high yield by growing multiple crops and making efficient use of land and resources. Plant growth is facilitated by maintaining humidity, temperature, CO2 concentration and light intensity and these factors need to be monitored and maintained for an automated system. In this paper, we have proposed a control system for a LED based plant factory consisting of ZigBee wireless mesh network, and remote monitoring via Internet. Field sensors are installed for monitoring environmental conditions and power metering and ZigBee mesh network has been deployed for data acquisition from these sensors. ZigBee nodes transfer the field data to the coordinator node which also serves as a gateway node providing interoperability between TCP/IP network and ZigBee Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). A major novelty of the system is the use of LED lighting instead of fluorescent lighting due to its low power consumption, long life and useful narrow band. LED lighting system provides an efficient and economical lighting system that facilitates plant growth by varying light intensity and frequency according to light conditions and growing requirements and also helps in reducing production costs and speeding growth. Prototype of the proposed system has been installed in a small part of greenhouse. Data acquisition and remote management of the system has shown very satisfactory performance.

A smart energy meter architecture in Indian context

This paper introduces a low cost Smart Meter Architecture to suit vast and diverse Indian market. An extensive review on Smart Meters research and market has been presented. In addition, we propose a low cost add-on device for the existing electromechanical energy meters to update the customers about the billing and usage. A discussion on available and feasible communication technologies is included and the most relevant solution with cost analysis is proposed.

Design of remote intelligent home system based on ZigBee and GPRS technology

In this paper, based on ZigBee technology and GPRS a wireless remote and detecting system for smart home is developed which realized the detecting of the home equipment and the state of home environment. The system consists of the host control centre and several sub function modules and software. The host control system includes MC39i module, CC2430 module and STC12C5410 MCU control center. The several sub function modules consists of the data acquisition module and CC2430 modules.

A new method for monitoring of distribution transformers

Distribution transformers are one of the most important equipment in power network. Because of, the large number of transformers distributed over a wide area in power electric systems, the data acquisition and condition monitoring is a important issue. This paper presents design and implementation of a mobile embedded system and a novel software to monitor and diagnose condition of transformers, by record key operation indictors of a distribution transformer like load currents, transformer oil, ambient temperatures and voltage of three phases. The proposed on-line monitoring system integrates a Global Service Mobile (GSM) Modem, with stand alone single chip microcontroller and sensor packages. Data of operation condition of transformer receives in form of SMS (Short Message Service) and will be save in computer server. Using the suggested online monitoring system will help utility operators to keep transformers in service for longer of time.

Building lighting automation through the integration of DALI with wireless sensor networks

This paper focuses on the integration of Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) devices in wireless sensor networks. Since different manufacturers usually deal with one aspect of building automation - e.g. heating ventilation and air conditioning, lighting control, different kinds of alarms, etc. - final building automation system has different subsystems which are finally taken to an integrated building management system. The cost of this process is consequently increased due to additional hardware investment. Our main purpose is to provide the end consumer with an economical fully centralized system in which home appliances are managed by an IEEE 802.15.4-based wireless sensor network. Not only is it necessary to focus on the initial investment, but maintenance and energy consumption costs must also be considered. This paper explains the developed system along with a brief introduction to usual building automation protocols. Finally it presents future work in this field.

Automatic Measurement and Reporting System of Water Quality Based on GSM

The traditional method of water quality testing is to collect samples manually and then send them to laboratory for analysis. However, it has been unable to meet the demands of water quality monitoring today. So a set of automatic measurement and reporting system of water quality has been developed. The system consists of multiple sensors of water quality testing, single-chip microcontroller data acquisition module, information transmission module, monitoring center and other accessories. Various parameters of water quality are automatically detected under the control of single chip micro controller all day. The single chip gets the data, and then processes and analyzes them. After that, the data are instantaneously sent to monitoring center by GSM network in the form of SMS. If the water quality is abnormal, the data will be sent to monitoring center and management's mobile in the same way at the same time. It is convenient for management to take corresponding measures timely and be able to detect real-time situation of water quality remotely. The system has realized the automation of water quality monitoring, intelligence of data analyzing and networking of information transferring. It is characterized by advantages of shortcut, accuracy and using manpower and material resources sparingly. The system has widespread application value and can be extended and transplanted to other fields of automatic monitoring where needed.

A USN based Automatic waste collection system

This paper presents a novel approach to collect municipal solid waste in residential and commercial buildings using ubiquitous sensors network (USN). This technology offers exhilarating opportunities to eliminate web of wires while increasing connectivity of devices and easy expansion of network. Specifically, this research evaluates the potential of ZigBee for addressing the problem of MSW collection. The architecture of USN based Automatic waste collection system (AWCS) is proposed in this article. The proposed system is based on a series of experiments in real time scenario. The system consists of integrating wireless networks, gateways, and specially designed software. The implementation covered all processes of waste collection i.e. garbage loading and transport of waste in underground pipes from deposit spot to collection station. As compared with the conventional wired network, the proposed hybrid AWCS offers in-time fast waste collection, low installation, operational and maintenance cost along with the improvement in scalability and reliability. In short, the USN based AWCS is a high reliable and low cost real time alternate to the conventional wired-network based AWCS. To reveal the feasibility and applicability of the proposed system, sensors, actuators, and ZigBee modules have been developed and tested in real time scenario at Seoul city.

An autonomous robot based on a Wheelchair

This paper presents the design and implementation of an Autonomous Movement Robot based on a Wheelchair. The target coordinates of the destination place are pre-established in the processing unit of the robot and it uses a GPS system and sensors in order to get its final destination and to avoid obstacles in its path respectively. The contribution of this work is the combination of several technologies and techniques that came from different areas such as mechanical, electronic and computer engineering.

Design of bio-signal based physical activity monitoring system

Conventional physical activity systems with 3-D accelerometer or global positioning system (GPS) can effectively quantize energy expenditure for aerobic exercise. However, they are limited for aerobic exercise monitoring. To overcome this limitation, we developed EMG based portable physical activity monitoring system. Proposed system extract unique features of motion based exercise and muscular motion based exercise from measured bio-signal. Experimental results showed it can clearly classify the aerobic exercise, isotonic resistance exercise, and hybrid types of exercise. Through this system, more complex types of physical activity can be recognized accurately.

An empirical link-quality analysis for wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor networks (WSNs) are composed of small hardware devices that possess the ability to measure and exchange a variety of environmental data. In this paper, we measured the radio characteristics of IEEE 802.15.4 for wireless sensor networks. The system is mainly composed of mobile and static ZigBee nodes, which are deployed on the underground mine galleries. Based on measured data, we describe the link characteristics such as received signal strength, latency and throughput for different scenarios. We consider the impact of these findings on the design of WSN for monitoring applications in underground mines.

WECO: A wireless platform for monitoring recycling point spots

There is a growing demand for low cost, very low power and reduced size monitoring systems with wireless communications, to be used in different kinds of industrial environments. In several countries waste separation and recycling is a major issue. Consequently, the number of recycling spots has been steadily increasing. In order to ensure that recycle bins are properly maintained, several monitoring solutions have been proposed. These still have several limitations, such as requiring wires for power and/or communications and not being able to fit in all existing types of bins. This paper presents WECO, a wireless embedded solution for monitoring the level of the bins located in recycling spots. The proposed system automatically alerts a remote central station when a bin reaches a programmable filling level, thus avoiding the need to spot check if the bin is full and ensuring that the recycling spot is kept clean. The developed prototype required hardware-software co-design and aimed to meet the above mentioned requirements, resorting to the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol for wireless communications between all nodes in the network, each based on a System-On-Chip (SoC) CC2530 from Texas Instruments. Due to its wireless nature, the architecture requires a battery for power supplying the nodes, with a life time of at least six years. The filling level readings of each bin in a recycling spot is made using an ultrasonic sensor. The data collected by the monitoring platform is then sent to the remote central station that processes it in order to optimize routes and establish a scheduled collection of the recycling spots.

A system for mobile assisted living

In this paper, a system is presented which supports mobile assisted living by combining the advantages of smart sensors, GPS and GSM technology. The system can detect abnormal situations with the person wearing the wearable part of the system (e.g. abnormal heart rate) and send this information to the nursing home so that appropriate action can be taken immediately. The information sent by the system to the nursing home includes the current location of the person on the earth in the form of longitude and latitude. This location information is what makes the system support mobile assisted living. The hardware of the system includes Atmega microcontroller, GTPA010 GPS module, SIM300 GSM module, some sensors (e.g. heart rate sensor, temperature and door sensors) and some other components. The system software is developed in C language on CVAVR platform.

A wireless networked smart-shoe system for monitoring human locomotion

This paper presents the development of a low cost wireless data shoe system for monitoring human locomotion. The sensor unit consists of 3 force sensing resistors (denoted by FSR located at ball, lateral border and heel) and 3-axis acceleration sensor (ADXL335). Pressure and acceleration data were sampled at 10 Hz, which is sufficient for various activities such as sitting, standing, walking and possibly for running. The data from these sensors were sent to a base station (via ZigBee wireless network) connected to a personal computer. Experimental results show a clear discrimination of patterns between static and dynamic postures. In addition, we can detect some gait phase from walking sample data which can be used for analysis of healthy gait behavior.

Robust railway crack detection scheme (RRCDS) using LED-LDR assembly

In India, most of the commercial transport is being carried out by the railway network and therefore, any problems in the same has the capacity to induce major damage to the economy-notwithstanding the societal impact of loss of life or limb. This paper proposes a cost effective yet robust solution to the problem of railway crack detection utilizing a method that is unique in the sense that while it is simple, the idea is completely novel and hitherto untested. The paper discusses the technical and design aspects in detail and also provides the proposed robust crack detection algorithm. The paper also presents the details of the implementation results of the RRCDS utilizing simple components inclusive of a GPS module, GSM Modem and LED-LDR based crack detector assembly. The proposed scheme has been modeled for robust implementation in the Indian scenario.

Aided Navigation Techniques for Indoor and Outdoor Unmanned Vehicles

This paper presents design considerations of indoor and outdoor navigation techniques proposed for unmanned vehicles (UV). In this paper, we mainly investigate the use and the advantages of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for indoor navigation, and Global Positioning System (GPS) for outdoor navigation. The system primarily uses laser range finder (LRF) measurements for indoor navigation, and is based on Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). For outdoor navigation the system uses Inertial Navigation System (INS) measurements. At periodical intervals the system integrates the measurements of an absolute sensor to improve estimations. The absolute sensor is a WSN interface for indoor navigation, and a GPS receiver for outdoor navigation. Simulation studies were conducted using Unified System for Automation and Robot Simulation (USARSim) and Player/Stage. The results of USARSim based simulations prove the advantages of integrating GPS measurements. Player/Stage based simulations show the advantages of integrating Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) measurements obtained from WSN interfaces. In addition to the simulation studies, field tests with a custom-built Corobot autonomous robot platform will be realized to prove the effectiveness of the methods.

Implementation of ZigBee-GSM based home security monitoring and remote control system

Home security and control is one of the basic needs of mankind from early days. But today it has to be updated with the rapidly changing technology to ensure vast coverage, remote control, reliability, and real time operation. Deploying wireless technologies for security and control in home automation systems offers attractive benefits along with user friendly interface. In this paper, implementation of a novel security and control system for home automation is presented. The proposed system consists of a control console interfaced with different sensors using ZigBee. Suspected activities are conveyed to remote user through SMS (Short Message Service) or Call using GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) technology. Upon reply, the remote user can control his premises again through GSM-ZigBee combination. Besides, traditional burglar alarm enhances security in case of no acknowledgment from remote user. This system offers a low cost, low power consumption and user friendly way of a reliable portable monitoring and control of the secured environment. Using the concept of serial communication and mobile phone AT-commands (Attention Telephone/Terminal commands), the software is programmed using C-language. The design has been implemented in the hardware using ZigBee EM357 module, Atmega128 MCU (microcontroller unit) and Sony Ericsson T290i mobile phone set.

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MICROCONTROLLER BASED ELECTRONIC QUEUE CONTROL SYSTEMS

In this work, low-cost, portable microcontroller based electronic queue control (EQC) systems have been developed for the purpose of controlling queue in banking, hotel reservation counter, ticket counter, insurance company, customer service center etc. The aim of the designed systems is to maintain a queue with order and efficiency. Two different queue control systems have been implemented with slightly different features. In EQC system-1, a general display has been used for displaying token number and service counter number whereas in EQC system-2, each token number has been displayed individually in each service counter with separate displays. In the both systems, each customer has to collect a token and then will be served whenever the token number is displayed. The systems were designed around a 16F72 IC, a low-cost 8-bit PIC microcontroller and entirely software controlled. The control programs have been developed using the PIC assembly language. Finally, the systems have been tested under different conditions to evaluate their performance.

A Compact Remote Monitoring System for a Three-Phase 10-kVA Energy-Efficient Switchable Distribution Transformer

Remote monitoring has been implemented in many areas. This paper introduces its specific application to a three-phase 10-kVA energy-efficient switchable distribution transformer. A designed embedded system and embedded Ethernet have been implemented to achieve a compact remote condition monitoring for the transformer. The embedded system performs acquisition of voltages, currents, and temperatures, controls the switching devices that connect the tappings of the transformer, and processes acquired data. Client and server applications were developed through the use of embedded Ethernet to enable remote monitoring through a local area network (LAN). Some protocols were developed as parts of software development of the whole system. Experimentation was done by applying the remote monitoring system to the transformer connected to three-phase variable supply voltage and load. Results of the experimentation by using a LAN available in the school revealed that the system can handle remote monitoring and control tasks for the transformer.

Wireless Solution for Irrigation in Agriculture

Indian economy is mainly based on agriculture. The most important parameter for the agriculture is timely and sufficient supply of water. Most of the farmers are dependent on electric water pumps for irrigation which demands electricity. The frequent, intermittent, low voltage supply of power to the agriculture sector has caused problems to the farmers who are spending their time monitoring the supply of power without which their work cannot start. The highly unreliable power supply with frequent power cuts have not only lowered the efficiency of farmers but also have led to the frustration of the farmer to give up agriculture and move to urban areas for better prospects in the globalized world. In my paper I am going to propose a system which shows, how mobile technology can benefit millions of farmers in rural India by providing a solution for the irrigation problems caused by intermittent electrical power supply. The goal of this paper is to design an embedded device, which can control up to 8 devices by sending a specific SMS message from a cell-phone. This controller is extremely handy at places where we have to control the ON and OFF switching of the devices but no wired connection to that place is available.

Wireless Sensor Network based Remote Irrigation Control System and Automation using DTMF code

Agriculture is a source of livelihood of majority Indians and has great impact on the economy of the country. In dry areas or in case of inadequate rainfall, irrigation becomes difficult. So, it needs to be automated for proper yield and handled remotely for farmer safety. In this paper we suggest a Wireless sensor network and Embedded based technique of DTMF (Dual Tone Multiple Frequency) signaling to control water flow for sectored, sprinkler or drip section irrigation. This system will be very economical in terms of the hardware cost, power consumption and call charges. The proposed control system works on two principles one is wireless sensor network and another is of ‘circuit switching’ instead of ‘packet switching' used by SMS controlled devices available currently in the market. In this paper, the complete installation process along with the circuit, designed and tested on a prototype environment, is explained.

Research of Real-time Image Acquisition System Based on ARM 7 for Agricultural Environmental Monitoring

The internet of things ( IOT) has brought a broader space to the intensive development of modern agriculture in the application of agricultural environmental monitoring. To solve the problems of real-time video acquisition, image acquisition and motion capture in the agricultural environment, this paper use the ARM S3C44B0X as the processor and put forward a new kind of real-time video acquisition technique based on 32bits embedded processor system. the optimized and minimized hardware system is designed, including designs the GAL gathering controller to control the output digital video signal data form SAA7111A to the frame buffer storage memory Al422, and expanded the interface of FLASH, SDRAM, CF Card, RS232, JTAG and so on; Secondly, through the transplanting of U-boot and uClinux system, the improved moving object examination algorithm using the difference of background was proposed based on the software platform constructed. Finally, the debug process of the unit circuit of the whole system is introduced in proper sequence. As a result, the digital image collecting system based on ARM S3C44B0X exists as a sole unit, and has lots of advantages such as small volume, low cost, good expansion, multifunctional and low power consumption. The system realized the functions of real-time video acquisition and processing. Combined with the GPS module and other sensors, the system can be widely used in the aspects of agricultural environmental monitoring, real-time data acquisition and remote monitoring and so on, with a more broad application prospects

Real-Time Image Processing for Edge Inspection and Defect Detection in Stainless Steel Production Lines

An image acquisition and processing system to measure the width and inspect the quality of the stainless steel strip in a production line is presented in this paper. It is based on the real-time processing of the images acquired by a twin linear camera system. Image processing algorithms to detect defects and anomalies in the edges have been implemented. The core of the image processing is submitted to the GPU of the graphic card to reduce the total processing time. A system like this has been proved and installed in a stainless steel production line for quality control purposes.

Obstacle Avoidance in Mobile Robot using Neural Network

Investigate mobile robot’s history, obstacle avoidance is one of most important research area and also the foundation of building robot’s successful behaviors. This paper proposes a Neural Network control system that is able to guide the mobile robots (AmigoBot and P3DX) traverse through a maze with arbitrary obstacles. The pattern is trained by using Matlab toolbox and Aria library for motion control. There are 256 specific patterns defined to help robot organize the situation. For input data, sonar and laser range finder are two main sensors for passing on information of environment. The empirical results show the effectiveness and the validity of the obstacle avoidance behavior of Neural Network control strategy.

Innovative Cost Effective Approach for Cell Phone based Remote Controlled Embedded System for Irrigation

This work describes the development of innovative low cost cell phone based remote control application for induction motor-pump based irrigation in agriculture. Rural areas in many states of India are plagued by frequent power cuts and abnormal voltage conditions. The developed system ensures that water is distributed to field whenever normal conditions exist based on task specified. A novel concept of miscall for specified duration has been used to reduce the operational cost of the system and for the convenience of farmers facing difficulty in typing messages. Information is exchanged in form of miscalls / message between the system and the user cell phones. The system is based on AVR ATMega32 micro-controller and includes protection against single phasing, over-current, dry running and other desirable features. DS1307 and DS18S20 are used for time and temperature measurement respectively. It is expected that system will relieve hardships of farmers relating water distribution to a great extent.

Environment-Aware Clock Skew Estimation and Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks

Clock synchronization is a fundamental requirement for network systems. It is particularly crucial and challenging in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), because WSN environments are dynamic and unpredictable. To tackle this problem, how to accurately estimate clock skew, the inherent reason causing clock desynchronization, is investigated. According to the measurement results, clock skew is a non-stationary random process highly correlated to temperature, and its measurements contain severe noises. Based on the observation, an additional information aided multi-model Kalman filter (AMKF) algorithm is proposed, which uses temperature measurements to assist clock skew estimation. Using AMKF, an environment-aware clock synchronization (EACS) scheme is proposed to dynamically compensate clock skew. The scheme is simple, scalable, and of low computation and energy cost. Using EACS as an additional component of the conventional synchronization protocols, the clock is updated with local information before the clock resynchronization process is triggered, so it can substantially prolong the re-synchronization period, which not only reduces the energy consumption but also is essential for the scenarios where frequent synchronization is infeasible. The theoretical lower bound of clock skew estimation error is derived as a benchmark. Extensive simulation and experimental verification results have demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme which can prolong the time resynchronization period by an order of magnitude in dynamic environments.

Design and Implementation of Agricultural Production Data Collection System Based On S3C2440A and WinCE

In precision agriculture technology system, the collection of agricultural production information is an important link to guarantee the quality and safety of agricultural products. According to the present actual demands, we designed an embedded agricultural production information collection system. The hardware is based on a 32-bit Embedded microprocessor with low-power and highperformance—— S3C2440A, the real-time operating system is Windows CE 5.0, and the EVC++ is used to complete the work of programming. This paper mainly introduced in detail the hardware platform design and software design based on the WinCE embedded operating system. This design has a very important and practical significance to speed up the process of agricultural modernization in China.

A Novel Method for Blood Glucose Measurement by Noninvasive Technique Using Laser

A method and apparatus for noninvasive measurement of blood glucose concentration based on transilluminated laser beam via the Index Finger has been reported in this paper. This method depends on atomic gas (He-Ne) laser operating at 632.8nm wavelength. During measurement, the index finger is inserted into the glucose sensing unit, the transilluminated optical signal is converted into an electrical signal, compared with the reference electrical signal, and the obtained difference signal is processed by signal processing unit which presents the results in the form of blood glucose concentration. This method would enable the monitoring blood glucose level of the diabetic patient continuously, safely and non-invasively.

A Compact Remote Monitoring System for a Three-Phase 10-kVA Energy-Efficient Switchable Distribution Transformer

Remote monitoring has been implemented in many areas. This paper introduces its specific application to a threephase 10-kVA energy-efficient switchable distribution transformer. A designed embedded system and embedded Ethernet have been implemented to achieve a compact remote condition monitoring for the transformer. The embedded system performs acquisition of voltages, currents, and temperatures, controls the switching devices that connect the tappings of the transformer, and processes acquired data. Client and server applications were developed through the use of embedded Ethernet to enable remote monitoring through a local area network (LAN). Some protocols were developed as parts of software development of the whole system. Experimentation was done by applying the remote monitoring system to the transformer connected to three-phase variable supply voltage and load. Results of the experimentation by using a LAN available in the school revealed that the system can handle remote monitoring and control tasks for the transformer.

SOA Distributed Operating System for Managing Embedded Devices in Home and Building Automation

Wireless sensor networks have become an essential part of home and building automation, especially for energy management and health monitoring. This paper presents a Distributed Operating System (DOS) based on the Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) to manage all embedded devices in a home network at high level of interoperability. This system can solve many problems related to accessing home network from Internet and future networks like Smart Grids. The proposed system takes into consideration the limited resources of sensors as well as the matters of simultaneous multi-access, eventing, authorization, security and scheduling the on-line time of sensors in order to reduce power consumption. The paper shows the advantages of using some features of our SOA distributed operating system, like using a queue with a dispatcher to dispatch the simultaneous web requests and also using cache and scheduling, in addition to using a requester to enable accessing embedded devices with different networking protocols. These features help in increasing the quality of services and reaching high level of reliability1.

Smart Host Microcontroller for Optimal Battery Charging in a Solar-Powered Robotic Vehicle

This paper focuses on the design and construction of an optimization charging system for Li–Po batteries by means of tracked solar panels. Thus, the implementation of a complete energy management system applied to a robotic exploration vehicle is put forward. The proposed system was tested on the VANTER robotic platform—an autonomous unmanned exploration vehicle specialized in recognition. The interest of this robotic system lies in the design concept, based on a smart host microcontroller. On this basis, our proposal makes a twofold significant contribution. On the one hand, it presents the construction of a solar tracking mechanism aimed at increasing the rover’s power regardless of its mobility. On the other hand, it proposes an alternative design of power system performance based on a pack of two batteries. The aim is completing the process of charging a battery independently while the other battery provides all the energy consumed by the robotic vehicle.

Ship Detection with Wireless Sensor Networks

Surveillance is a critical problem for harbor protection, border control or the security of commercial facilities. The effective protection of vast near-coast sea surfaces and busy harbor areas from intrusions of unauthorized marine vessels, such as pirates smugglers or, illegal fishermen is particularly challenging. In this paper, we present an innovative solution for ship intrusion detection. Equipped with three-axis accelerometer sensors, we deploy an experimental Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) on the sea’s surface to detect ships. Using signal processing techniques and cooperative signal processing, we can detect any passing ships by distinguishing the ship-generated waves from the ocean waves. We design a three-tier intrusion detection system with which we propose to exploit spatial and temporal correlations of an intrusion to increase detection reliability. We conduct evaluations with real data collected in our initial experiments, and provide quantitative analysis of the detection system, such as the successful detection ratio, detection latency, and an estimation of an intruding vessel’s velocity.

Round-The-Clock Urine Sugar Monitoring System for Diabetic Patients

A fuzzy logic based image processing application has been developed here which noninvasively measures the blood sugar level of a person from his /her urine by noting the colour change in its reaction with Benedicts reagent and displays the result so that apart from the patient, others also get informed. This system helps a diabetic patient to regularly monitor and control his/her blood sugar level by taking appropriate dose of medicine and /or controlling diet. The measurement accuracy of the method is 96.93%.

Optimal Power Management of Residential Customers in the Smart Grid

Recently intensive efforts have been made on the transformation of the world’s largest physical system, the power grid, into a “smart grid” by incorporating extensive information and communication infrastructure. Key features in such a “smart grid” include high penetration of renewable and distributed energy sources, large-scale energy storage, market-based online electricity pricing and widespread demand response programs. From the perspective of residential customers, we can investigate how to minimize the expected electricity cost with real-time electricity pricing, which is the focus of this paper. By jointly considering energy storage, local distributed generation such as photovoltaic (PV) modules or small wind turbines, and inelastic or elastic energy demands, we mathematically formulate this problem as a stochastic optimization problem and approximately solve it by using the Lyapunov optimization approach. From the theoretical analysis, we have also found a good tradeoff between cost saving and storage capacity. A salient feature of our proposed approach is that it can operate without any future knowledge on the related stochastic models (e.g., the distribution) and is easy to implement in real-time. We have also evaluated our proposed solution with practical data sets and validated its effectiveness.

Novel Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks for Machine Condition Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis

This paper proposes a novel industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) for industrial machine condition monitoring and fault diagnosis. In this paper, the induction motor is taken as an example of monitored industrial equipment due to its wide use in industrial processes. Motor stator current and vibration signals aremeasured for further processing and analysis. On-sensor node feature extraction and on-sensor fault diagnosis using neural networks are then investigated to address the tension between the higher system requirements of IWSNs and the resource-constrained characteristics of sensor nodes. A two-step classifier fusion approach using Dempster–Shafer theory is also explored to increase diagnosis result quality. Four motor operating conditions—normal without load, normal with load, loose feet, and mass imbalance—are monitored to evaluate the proposed system. Experimental results show that, compared with raw data transmission, on-sensor fault diagnosis could reduce payload transmission data by 99%, decrease node energy consumption by 97%, and prolong node lifetime from 106 to 150 h, an increase of 43%. The final fault diagnosis results using the proposed classifier fusion approach give a result certainty of at least 97.5%. To leverage the advantages of on-sensor fault diagnosis, another system operating mode is explored, which only transmits the fault diagnosis result when a fault happens or at a fixed interval. For this mode, the node lifetime reaches 73 days if sensor nodes transmit diagnosis results once per hour.

IPT Charged Wireless Sensor Module for River Sedimentation Detection

A wireless sensor module consisting of accelerometers, gyroscopes and a microcontroller detects the rotations and accelerations of the module when placed in a hydraulic environment. The device is to be used to detect sedimentation in rivers by processing the motion sensor data stored within it. Inertial navigation algorithms have been programmed into the device to reproduce its trajectory in 3 dimensions. The device called the ‘smart sediment particle’ is wirelessly charged using inductive power transfer technology, and powered by super capacitors, which has proven successful. The device is based purely on commercially available sensors which provide reasonable accuracy for the purpose of detecting sedimentation.

GRPS-Based Distributed Home-Monitoring Using Internet-Based Geographical Information System

Recent developments in publically available webbased Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and the availability of low-cost integrated General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)/Global Positioning Systems (GPS) modem have enabled the development of embedded stand-alone home monitoring systems. This paper presents the design, implementation and testing of a home-monitoring system that utilizes online Map from a GIS in conjunction with the readily available public satellite-based GPS, and GPRS mobile networks. In addition to detecting intruders, the system allows a home owner to remotely monitor various critical home sensors status including those tied to fire, flooding, and gas leaks. Home owners can monitor their homes via their mobile phone or by using the Internet. This system can also be utilized by security firms, civil defense organizations and municipalities to continuously monitor and locate troublesome spots in residential neighborhoods and compounds using free GIS Maps.

Embedded Ubiquitous Services on Hospital Information Systems

A Hospital Information Systems (HIS) have turned a hospital into a gigantic computer with huge computational power, huge storage and wired/wireless local area network. On the other hand, a modern medical device, such as echograph, is a computer system with several functional units connected by an internal network named a bus. Therefore, we can embed such a medical device into the HIS by simply replacing the bus with the local area network. This paper designed and developed two embedded systems, a ubiquitous echograph system and a networked digital camera. Evaluations of the developed systems clearly show that the proposed approach, embedding existing clinical systems into HIS, drastically changes productivity in the clinical field. Once a clinical system becomes a pluggable unit for a gigantic computer system, HIS, the combination of multiple embedded systems with application software designed under deep consideration about clinical processes may lead to the emergence of disruptive innovation in the clinical field.

Efficiency Optimization of a DSP-Based Standalone PV System Using Fuzzy Logic and Dual-MPPT Control

This paper presents a new digital control scheme for a standalone photovoltaic (PV) system using fuzzy-logic and a dual maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. The first MPPT controller is an astronomical two-axis sun tracker, which is designed to track the sun over both the azimuth and elevation angles and obtain maximum solar radiation at all times. The second MPPT algorithm controls the power converter between the PV panel and the load and implements a new fuzzy-logic (FLC)-based perturb and observe (P&O) scheme to keep the system power operating point at its maximum. The FLC-MPPT is based on a voltage control approach of the power converter with a discrete PI controller to adapt the duty cycle. The input reference voltage is adaptively perturbed with variable steps until the maximum power is reached. The proposed control scheme achieves stable operation in the entire region of the PV panel and eliminates therefore the resulting oscillations around the maximum power operating point. A 150-Watt prototype system is used with two TMS320F28335 eZdsp boards to validate the proposed control scheme performance.

Design and Implementation of a Home Embedded Surveillance System with Ultra-Low Alert Power

In this paper we design and implement a home embedded surveillance system with ultra-low alert power. Traditional surveillance systems suffer from an unnecessary waste of power and the shortcomings of memory conditions in the absence of invasion. In this design we use Pyroelectric Infrared sensors (PIR) and pressure sensors as the alert group in windows and doors where an intruder must pass through. These low-power alert sensors wake up the MCU (Micro Controller Unit) which has power management for the ultrasonic sensors and PIR sensors indoors. This state transition method saves a large number of sensors required for the alert power. We also use the Majority Voting Mechanism (MVM) to manage the sensor groups to enhance the probability of multiple sensors sensing. After the MCU sends the sensor signals to the embedded system, the program starts the Web camera. Our sensing experiment shows that we reduce the system’s power consumption.

AUTOMATIC AMBULANCE RESCUE SYSTEM

Traffic congestion and tidal flow management were recognized as major problems in modern urban areas, which have caused much thwarting for the ambulance. Moreover road accidents in the city have been incessant and to bar the loss of life due to the accidents is even more crucial. To implement this we introduce a scheme called AARS (Automatic ambulance rescue system). The main theme behind this scheme is to provide a smooth flow for the ambulance to reach the hospitals in time and thus minifying the expiration. The idea behind this scheme is to implement a ITS which would control mechanically the traffic lights in the path of the ambulance. The ambulance is controlled by the central unit which furnishes the most scant route to the ambulance and also controls the traffic light according to the ambulance location and thus reaching the hospital safely. The server also determines the location of the accident spot through the sensor systems in the vehicle which encountered the accident and thus the server walks through the ambulance to the spot. This scheme is fully automated, thus it finds the accident spot, controls the traffic lights, helping to reach the hospital in time.

An RFID-Based Position and Orientation Measurement System for Mobile Objects in Intelligent Environments

Ambient intelligence (AmI) considers responsive environments in which applications and services adapt their behavior according to the user’s needs and changing context. One of the most challenging aspects for many applications in AmI environments is location and orientation of the surrounding objects. This is especially important for effective cooperation among mobile physical objects in such smart environments. In this paper, we propose a robust indoor positioning system that provides 2-D positioning and orientation information for mobile objects. The system utilizes low-range passive radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. The proposed system, which consists of RFID carpets and several peripherals for sensor data interpretation, is implemented and tested through extensive experiments. Our results show that the proposed system outperforms similar existing systems in minimizing the average positioning error.

An Adaptive Maximum Power Point Tracking Scheme Based on a Variable Scaling Factor for Photovoltaic Systems

An adaptive maximum power point tracking (MPPT) scheme employing a variable scaling factor is presented. An MPPT control loop was constructed analytically and the magnitude variation in the MPPT loop gain according to the operating point of the PV array was identified due to the nonlinear characteristics of the PV array output. To make the crossover frequency of the MPPT loop consistent, the variable scaling factor was determined using an approximate curve-fitted polynomial equation about linear expression of the error. Therefore, a desirable dynamic response and the stability of the MPPT scheme were maintained across the entire MPPT voltage range. The simulation and experimental results obtained from a 3-kW rated prototype demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed MPPT scheme.

A Novel Information Acquisition Technique for Mobile-Assisted Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose an adaptive data-harvesting approach for mobile-agent-assisted data collection in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) inspired by Behavioral Ecology. By using the marginal value theorem, we divide the entire sensor field into small patches and gather the correlated data from each patch. Each observationX gathered by a given sensor node to be considered to be a marginal information source with a relative standard deviation σ(x|Y, I), where Y is a set of previously collected observations by the mobile agent, and I is the background knowledge learned from the sensor field. The mobile agent estimates the correlation based on the available knowledge gathered from the current patch and the previous patches and then chooses the next visiting sensor node. The next node should have the maximum information gain obtained until σ(x|Y, I) is smaller than a predefined threshold (TH). Since, in a dynamically changing environment, the correlation varies among different patches, an efficient way to understand the correlation model is the key to efficient data harvesting. The proposed estimation technique of the marginal value theorem, which is called estimation technique based on the marginal value theorem (EMVT), is used to maintain the fidelity of the interested data with relatively fewer collected sensor observations. 

A Microcontroller-Based Power Management System for Standalone MicrogridsWith Hybrid Power Supply

The paper presents a microcontroller-based power management system (PMS) designed for the online operation of an experimental low voltage microgrid equipped with a battery storage system and two power supplies: a kilowatt (kW)-class proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell (FC) and a photovoltaic (PV) module emulator, both connected to a low voltage ac node. The connections of the energy sources to the common ac bus make use of power inverters with specific functionalities. The ac node feeds electric active and reactive load emulators able to reproduce programmable profiles. The automatic PMS provides the microgrid monitoring and the FC power scheduling in both grid-connected and islanded operating conditions. The paper describes the structure and functionalities of the PMS as well as a specific experimental investigation aimed at assessing the dynamic performance of the microgrid in islanded Conditions.

A Closed-Loop Maximum Power Point Tracker for Subwatt Photovoltaic Panels

      This paper proposes a closed-loop maximum power point tracker (MPPT) for subwatt photovoltaic (PV) panels used in wireless sensor networks. Both high power efficiency and low circuit complexity are achieved. A microcontroller (μC) driven by a fast clock was used to implement anMPPT algorithm with a low processing time. This leads to a maximum central-processing-unit duty cycle of 6% and frees the μC to be used in the remaining tasks of the autonomous sensor, such as sensing, processing, and transmitting data. In order to reduce power consumption, dynamic power management techniques were applied, which implied the use of predictive algorithms. In addition, the measurement and acquisition of the output current and voltage of the PV panel, which increase circuit complexity, was avoided. Experimental measurements showed power consumptions of the MPPT controller as low as 52 μW for a 2.7-mW PV power and up to 388 μW for a 94.4-mW PV power. Tracking efficiency was higher than 99.4%. The overall efficiency was higher than 90% for a PV panel power higher than 20 mW. Field measurements showed an energy gain 15.7% higher than that of a direct-coupled solution.

VEXTA 5 PHASE STEPPER DRIVER USING MOSFET

Fuzzy Logic in Matlab Tutorials

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Line Follower Robot

12V BATTERY CHECKER CIRCUIT

This is a 12V battery checker circuit that uses 3 LEDs that light up at their respective voltages. The red LED lights up when the battery voltage is between 8 to 10V, the orange one at voltages between 10.5V to 12V and the green one when the battery voltage is above 12.5V.

This is a tried and tested battery checker circuit using one NPN and one PNP transistor. A PCB is given along with the schematic.